It is the largest river in the world in terms of water flow. [36] The lowermost part of the river and its delta are home to freshwater fish, but also a number of brackish and marine species. Flowing west, it enters India in the Ladakh district of Jammu and Kashmir. Mcq Added by: Jack Sparrow. The Indus River System ( Lake Mansarovar→ J&K→Pakistan) It rises in Tibet near Lake Mansarovar/ Mapam. The Indus valley regions are arid with poor vegetation. Upadhyay Sir. The Indus River system (Map CS3.1) consists of several tributaries that collect snowmelt and rain from the highest peaks of the Himalayas and carry it to the Arabian Sea, traveling 5,000km. The river Indus rises in Tibet, near Lake Mansarowar. The Indus water system of rivers comprises the main Indus and its major tributaries: the Kabul River and Kurram River on the right bank, and the Jhelum River, Chenab River, Ravi River, Beas River and the Sutlej on the left. They constitute the Indus River system. Indus river system: a. Indus: The river originates in Bokhar Chu glacier in Mt. The population of fish in the river is moderately high, with Sukkur, Thatta, and Kotri being the major fishing centres – all in the lower Sindh course. The Rigvedic "Sindhu" is thought to be the present-day Indus river. Each of their rivers also flooded each year. [33], The Indus river dolphin (Platanista indicus minor) is found only in the Indus River. Tamil Nadu History Books for UPSC Exam | List of Tamilnadu State Board History Textbooks, Letter Writing | How to Write A Letter? IRSA Newsletter December 01 - 31st, 2020.....More. Get Full Access to AU - GEOG 1010 - Study Guide. Over several centuries Muslim armies of Muhammad bin Qasim, Mahmud of Ghazni, Mohammed Ghori, Tamerlane and Babur crossed the river to invade Sindh and Punjab, providing a gateway to the Indian subcontinent. This page was last edited on 17 January 2021, at 15:43. Get Full Access to AU - GEOG 1010 - Study Guide. The lower basin of the Indus forms a natural boundary between the Iranian Plateau and the Indian subcontinent; this region embraces all or parts of the Pakistani provinces Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab and Sindh and the countries Afghanistan and India. ", 10.1130/0016-7606(2001)113<1039:DOTIFA>2.0.CO;2, "Crustal reworking at Nanga Parbat, Pakistan: Metamorphic consequences of thermal-mechanical coupling facilitated by erosion", "Corona effect: Only Sindhis allowed for Sindhu Darshan Fest", "The Genetic Ancestry of Modern Indus Valley Populations from Northwest India", "Indus Delta, Pakistan: economic costs of reduction in freshwater flow", International Union for Conservation of Nature, "Pakistan's water economy: getting the balance right", "Pakistan's floodwaters welcomed along Indus delta", "River basin development phases and implications of closure", "Integrated Water Resource Systems: Theory and Policy Implications", "Technology Breakthroughs for Global Water Security: A Deep Dive into South Asia", "Global warming benefits to Tibet: Chinese official. [47][48] Any further utilization of the river basin water is not economically feasible. The Guddu Barrage is 1,350 m (4,430 ft) long – irrigating Sukkur, Jacobabad, Larkana and Kalat. The Indus river system in Kashmir is a river system that sustains communities in both India and Pakistan. [56][57] As a result, the government banned fishing from Guddu Barrage to Sukkur. Log in, Complaint Letter Format | How to Write a Letter of Complaint? Accounts of the Indus valley from the times of Alexander's campaign indicate a healthy forest cover in the region, which has now considerably receded. The rivers of India play an important role in the lives of the Indian people. The Indus River basin and its drainage network. Beyond this confluence, the river, at one time, was named the Satnad River (sat = "seven", nadī = "river"), as the river now carried the waters of the Kabul River, the Indus River and the five Punjab rivers. Indus River System D.K. The Indus Flows through the full length of Pakistan. Its estimated annual flow is around 243 km3 (58 cu mi), twice that of the Nile and three times that of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers combined, making it one of the largest rivers in the world in terms of average annual flow. It gradually bends to the south and descends into the Punjab plains at Kalabagh, Pakistan. After entering India, it flows in between Ladakh and Karakoram range mostly close to the former. A little over one third of the Indus basin is located in state of Jammu and Kashmir, Himanchal Pradesh and Punjab. The Indus River System 2. To account for the maintenance of this cooperation the paper argues that it is necessary to consider the design of the Permanent Indus Commission, an institution established to manage the Indus River. Upadhyay Sir Flowing West, it enters India in the Ladakh district of Jammu & Kashmir. Notable examples of genera that are present in the lower plain but generally not elsewhere in the Indus River basin are the Aphanius pupfish, Aplocheilus killifish, palla fish (Tenualosa ilisha), catla (Labeo catla), rohu (Labeo rohita) and Cirrhinus mrigala. In November 2011, satellite images showed that the Indus river had re-entered India, feeding Great Rann of Kutch, Little Rann of Kutch and a lake near Ahmedabad known as Nal Sarovar. Fig : Indus River The Indus basin extends over China (Tibet), India, Afghanistan and Pakistan . It is believed to display a tidal bore, which is a phenomenon observed only in a few rivers. The Indus System is one of the largest river basins of the world, covering an area of 11, 65,000 sq. This video is on Indus river system and its tributaries - Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej. Printable Blank India Outline Map for UPSC Preparation | How to Study India Outline Map for UPSC IAS Exam? [13][14] From the Persian Achaemenid Empire, the name passed to the Greeks as Indós (Ἰνδός). Most scholars believe that settlements of Gandhara grave culture of the early Indo-Aryans flourished in Gandhara from 1700 BC to 600 BC, when Mohenjo-daro and Harappa had already been abandoned. The British supervised the construction of one of the most complex irrigation networks in the world. Reported 18 August 2009", "SEPA orders polluting factory to stop production", "Fishing poison killing Indus dolphins, PA told", "Threat to dolphin: Govt bans fishing between Guddu and Sukkur", "Almost all plastic in the ocean comes from just 10 rivers - 30.11.2017", "Export of Plastic Debris by Rivers into the Sea", "Asia flooding plunges millions into misery", "Pakistan issues flooding 'red alert' for Sindh province", "BBC News – Pakistan floods: World Bank to lend $900m for recovery", "BBC News – Millions of Pakistan children at risk of flood diseases", "Pakistan floods: Oxfam launches emergency aid response", Government of Pakistan Pakmet.com.pk Retrieved on 19 September 2011, "PM okays Indus river barrage to mitigate water woes", "Center announces Rs125bn Sindh barrage project", "Government to launch Kandhkot-Ghotki bridge over River Indus next month: Sindh CM", "Restore Pakistan's rivers, handle floods, droughts and climate change", "Pakistan: Getting More from Water (see Page 50)", Learn how and when to remove this template message, Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law, Indus River watershed map (World Resources Institute), First raft and kayak descents of the Indus headwaters in Tibet, Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting's project on water issues in South Asia, Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilisation, Inventions of the Indus Valley Civilisation, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indus_River&oldid=1000960596, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia pending changes protected pages, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019, Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2010, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Wikipedia external links cleanup from April 2020, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. They may also have used water in religious ceremonies. Indus River is one of the longest rivers in the world and has a length of around 2,000 miles (3,200 km). The Indus acts as the main source of water supply for Pakistan. The Shyok, Shigar and Gilgit rivers carry glacial waters into the main river. River Indus Enters India In Ladakh 4. It is one of the most important rivers on the Indian subcontinent. Lenth is 2,525 km in India. The indus river system 1. The Indus River provides key water resources for Pakistan's economy – especially the breadbasket of Punjab province, which accounts for most of the nation's agricultural production, and Sindh. Indus Waters Treaty, treaty, signed on September 19, 1960, between India and Pakistan and brokered by the World Bank. It also serves as the main source of drinking water for the people of this region. Indus River • India got her name from Indus. In the uppermost, highest part of the Indus River basin there are relatively few genera and species: Diptychus, Ptychobarbus, Schizopyge, Schizopygopsis and Schizothorax snowtrout, Triplophysa loaches, and the catfish Glyptosternon reticulatum. It is home to around 25 amphibian species. It flo… It was crossed by the invading armies of Alexander, but after his Macedonians conquered the west bank—joining it to the Hellenic world, they elected to retreat along the southern course of the river, ending Alexander's Asian campaign. The Indus serves as a home to 180 species of freshwater fish, out of which 22 species of fishes are not found in any other river or sea. It creates the border between the Rechna (between Ravi and … Alaknanda River joins Bhagirathi river at Devaprayag. to enroll in courses, follow best educators, interact with the community and track your progress. The ultimate source of the Indus is in Tibet; the river begins at the confluence of the Sengge Zangbo and Gar Tsangpo rivers that drain the Nganglong Kangri and Gangdise Shan (Gang Rinpoche, Mt. The Indus also is known as the Sindhu, is the westernmost of the Himalayan rivers in India. The Indus passes gigantic gorges 4,500–5,200 metres (15,000–17,000 feet) deep near the Nanga Parbat massif. [18] A later Persian name for the river was Darya,[19] which similarly has the connotations of large body of water and sea. There are several other tributaries nearby, which may possibly form a longer stream than Sênggê Kanbab, but unlike the Sênggê Kanbab, are all dependent on snowmelt. The Indus system is largely fed by the snows and glaciers of the Himalayas, Karakoram and the Hindu Kush ranges of Tibet, the Indian states and union territories of Ladakh and Himachal Pradesh and the Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan. It is also known as the Sindhu, is the westernmost of the Himalayan rivers in India. [citation needed] Other variants of the name Sindhu include Assyrian Sinda (as early as the 7th century BC), Persian Ab-e-sind, Pashto Abasind, Arab Al-Sind, Chinese Sintow, and Javanese Santri. The gradient of the river is also gentle here. For other uses, see, Satellite image of the Indus River basin in, sfn error: no target: CITEREFParpola2015 (, water control treaty signed between India and Pakistan in 1960, "Indus water flow data in to reservoirs of Pakistan", "Early Indian history: Linguistic and textual parameters", The Reconstruction of Prehistoric South Asian Language Contact, "564 Charul Bharwada & Vinay Mahajan, Lost and forgotten: grasslands and pastoralists of Gujarat", "Indus re-enters India after two centuries, feeds Little Rann, Nal Sarovar", "Was the Ramayana actually set in and around today's Afghanistan? The Indus River (called Sindhū in Sanskrit with cognates in most Indic languages) is one of the main rivers of the Indo-Gangetic Plain in the Indian subcontinent. The average annual water flow of River Indus is 243 cubic kilometres. Serves as the main source of water resources to Punjab. The Rigvedic hymns apply a feminine gender to all the rivers mentioned therein, except for the Brahmaputra. Modern irrigation was introduced by the British East India Company in 1850 – the construction of modern canals accompanied with the restoration of old canals. 1972 C. 1983 D. 1992. Himalayan Rivers existed even before the formation of Himalayas (Antecedent Drainage) They were flowing into the Tethys Sea. The river has developed antecedent drainage in the state of Jammu and Kashmir. The Indus River rises in the southwestern Tibet Autonomous Region of China and flows through the disputed Kashmir region and then into Pakistan to drain into the Arabian Sea. Sediment clogging from poor maintenance of canals has affected agricultural production and vegetation on numerous occasions. Save Indus River System. Indus River System (in Hindi) Lesson 2 of 5 • 597 upvotes • 12:15 mins. Sindh Irrigation system; KPK Irrigation system; Balochistan Irrigation system; Organization Structure; Latest Updates. The confluence of Indus and Zaskar rivers at Nimo, near Leh 6. The river cuts a deep gorge near Kistwar, It enters the plain area near Akhnur in Jammu and Kashmir and is subsequently connected with the Jhelum. Damming has also isolated the delta population of Indus river dolphins from those further upstream. The Kotri Barrage near Hyderabad is 915 metres (3,000 ft) long and provides additional water supplies for Karachi. It forms a picturesque gorge in this part. Indus River System. The Indus river dolphin resides in the Indus river system of Pakistan and the Ganges river dolphin in the Ganges-Brahmaputra and Karnaphuli-Sangu river systems of India, Bangladesh and Nepal. This has reduced the flow of water a… Only about 1,100 of this unique species exist today in the lower parts of the Indus River in Pakistan. They each developed their own system of writing. The extensive irrigation and dam projects provide the basis for Pakistan's large production of crops such as cotton, sugarcane and wheat. [67] Sindh is a fertile region and often called the "breadbasket" of the country; the damage and toll of the floods on the local agrarian economy was said to be extensive. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. A great river of South Asia, the Indus has long been a vital feature of the land that is now India and Pakistan.It is one of the longest rivers in the world, with a length of some 2,000 miles (3,200 kilometers). Deeply, deeply concerned. [63] As of September 2010[update], over two thousand people had died and over a million homes had been destroyed since the flooding began. Press Release; Vacancies; Tender Notice; Contacts; Login. The Yangtze is the only river contributing more plastic. Originates from the Tibetan Plateau near Lake Manasarovar. [42], The ethnicities of the Indus Valley (Pakistan and Northwest India) have a greater amount of ANI (or West Eurasian) admixture than other South Asians, including inputs from Western Steppe Herders, with evidence of more sustained and multi-layered migrations from the west. [66] The floods caused considerable damage; an estimated 434 civilians were killed, with 5.3 million people and 1,524,773 homes affected. The Indus River, locally refereed as the Tibetan, Sindhu, or Mehran, is the longest river in Asia. They constitute the Indus River system. The Hakra river is hydraulically connected to the Nara River provided it has adequate flow to maintain surface flow. Therefore, their flow is always different at times of the year. It supports the Chashma Barrage near Dera Ismail Khan for irrigation use and flood control and the Taunsa Barrage near Dera Ghazi Khan which also produces 100,000 kilowatts of electricity. It has a large number of tributaries in both India and Pakistan and has a total length of about 2897 km from the source to the point near Karachi where it falls into the Arabian Sea out of which approx 700km lies in India. [61] In July 2010, following abnormally heavy monsoon rains, the Indus River rose above its banks and started flooding. In the Rigveda, notably in the later hymns, the meaning of the word is narrowed to refer to the Indus river in particular, e.g. 2. The Mughal Emperor Babur writes of encountering rhinoceroses along its bank in his memoirs (the Baburnama). Only that the Indus flooded twice and the Nile River only flood once a year. [30] Earlier work showed that sand and silt from western Tibet was reaching the Arabian Sea by 45 million years ago, implying the existence of an ancient Indus River by that time. 3. Tarbela Dam in Pakistan is constructed on the Indus River, while the controversial Kalabagh dam is also being constructed on Indus river. Major Rivers of Indus River System Source Length Indus Glaciers of Kailas Range (Close to Manasarovar Lake) 2880 km total. The Indus Basin Project consisted primarily of the construction of two main dams, the Mangla Dam built on the Jhelum River and the Tarbela Dam constructed on the Indus River, together with their subsidiary dams. After crossing the Himalayas, it turns into south-west and enters Pakistan near Chillar in the Dardistan region. The Ghaggar-Hakra River is an intermittent river in India and Pakistan that flows only during the monsoon season.The river is known as Ghaggar before the Ottu barrage and as the Hakra downstream of the barrage. As a result, damming and irrigation has made fish farming an important economic activity. Here, the river turns into many marshes, streams and creeks and meets the sea at shallow levels. [16][17], The meaning of Sindhu as a "large body of water, sea, or ocean" is a later meaning in Classical Sanskrit. Studies of the sediment in the modern river indicate that the Karakoram Mountains in northern Pakistan and India are the single most important source of material, with the Himalayas providing the next largest contribution, mostly via the large rivers of the Punjab (Jhelum, Ravi, Chenab, Beas and Sutlej). The Indus people needed river water to drink, wash and to irrigate their fields. Already have an account? Indus River System Authority Water Apportionment Accord (WAA) was signed amongst the Provinces on 16.03.1991 and approved by the Council of Common Interests (CCI) on 21.03.1991. In the Kashmir region, it joins with many tributaries – the Zaskar, the Shyok, the Nubra and the Hunza. The Government of Pakistan established the Indus River System Authority in the year_____? [23] Heavy rains had left the river basin along with the Lake Manchar, Lake Hemal and Kalri Lake (all in modern-day Pakistan) inundated. [36] As the altitude further declines the Indus basin becomes overall quite slow-flowing as it passes through the Punjab Plain. According to this treaty, India can utilize only 20 per cent of its total discharge of water. This flood system may have been the Indus Valleys greatest triumph as they had harnessed the power to control the annual floods to their advantage, without the devastating impact that came with the flourishing of crops. The major cities of the Indus Valley Civilisation, such as Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, date back to around 3300 BC, and represent some of the largest human habitations of the ancient world. It enters the PoK region and flows to the north of Nanga Parbat, post which it enters Pakistan. During his reign, the Greek explorer Scylax of Caryanda was commissioned to explore the course of the Indus. [26] The Sutlej, now a tributary of the Indus, in Harappan times flowed into the Ghaggar-Hakra River, in the watershed of which were more Harappan sites than along the Indus. "Indus Valley" redirects here. The dams also generate electricity for heavy industries and urban centers. This lever has a total length of 2897 km and finally terminates at the Arabian Sea. In ancient times, "India" initially referred to those regions immediately along the east bank of the Indus, but by 300 BC, Greek writers including Herodotus and Megasthenes were applying the term to the entire subcontinent that extends much farther eastward.[27][28]. The Indus then flows northwest through Ladakh, India, and Baltistan into Gilgit, just south of the Karakoram range. Range fragmentation due to the many (> 50) dams along the rivers has resulted in population fragmentation which could influence the long term survival of this species (Sinha & Kannan 2014). The word "India" is derived from the Indus River. Uzma Khan, director of biodiversity at WWF Pakistan told APP that the Indus river blind dolphin is an endangered species of the fresh waters and is only found in the Indus river system… [68], In Pakistan currently there are six barrages on the Indus: Guddu Barrage, Sukkur Barrage, Kotri Barrage (also called Ghulam Muhammad barrage), Taunsa Barrage, Chashma Barrage and Jinnah Barrage. Login here × Reset your password [8][9][10][11][12] The variation between the two names is explained by the Old Iranian sound change *s > h, which occurred between 850 and 600 BCE according to Asko Parpola. It is joined by numerous tributaries, notably those of the eastern Punjab Plain—the … It drains an area of 11,65,500 Sq.km. The Zanskar River, which flows into the Indus in Ladakh, has a greater volume of water than the Indus itself before that point.[24]. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. A great river of South Asia, the Indus has long been a vital feature of the land that is now India and Pakistan.It is one of the longest rivers in the world, with a length of some 2,000 miles (3,200 kilometers). [62] In early August, the heaviest flooding moved southward along the Indus River from severely affected northern regions toward western Punjab, where at least 1,400,000 acres (570,000 ha) of cropland was destroyed, and the southern province of Sindh. The Indus river has two main tributaries, the Kabul on the right bank and the Panjnad on the left. Jean Fairley, "The Lion River", Karachi, 1978. According to the World Wildlife Fund it is one of the most threatened cetaceans with only about 1,000 still existing.